\u00c7in\u2019in en eski ve ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 tarihi Xia\u2019ya, Xia Hanedan\u0131\u2019na tahmini-(2200-1600) dayanmaktad\u0131r. Xia Hanedan\u0131 hakk\u0131nda arkeolojik kay\u0131t ve veriler, buluntu ve ispat konusu gayet az oldu\u011fu halde, b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00c7inli tarih\u00e7i ve ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar bu hanedan hakk\u0131nda y\u00fczde y\u00fcz emin olarak Xia\u2019y\u0131 b\u00fcsb\u00fct\u00fcn kabul etmi\u015flerdir. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde hakk\u0131nda yeteri kadar veri ve bilgiye ula\u015f\u0131lamayan Xia\u2019y\u0131, akabinde Shang Hanedan\u0131 takip etmi\u015ftir. \u00c7in tarihinin ve \u00c7in tarihi kay\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131n as\u0131l ve esas ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 d\u00f6nemini te\u015fkil eden Shang Hanedan\u0131, \u00c7in\u2019in k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve askeri teknolojisinin de yap\u0131lanma ve ilerlemeye ba\u015flama d\u00f6nemidir. Shang\u2019\u0131n as\u0131rlar i\u00e7indeki hakimiyetinin sonunda Zhao Hanedan\u0131 bug\u00fcn sadece \u00c7in\u2019in i\u00e7 ve as\u0131l\u0131n\u0131 kapsayan b\u00f6l\u00fcme egemen olmu\u015ftur. Zhao Hanedan\u0131\u2019n\u0131 olu\u015fturan as\u0131l z\u00fcmre kuzeylilerden olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Daha sonra merkezi hakimiyet ve otoritesini kaybedip, \u00c7in\u2019in 16 derebey-devlete b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesinin \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7ememi\u015f ve yaln\u0131zca k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir yerde kendi hakimiyetine bir s\u00fcre devam etmi\u015ftir. Konf\u00fc\u00e7y\u00fcs de bu d\u00f6nemlerde ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Par\u00e7a par\u00e7a b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f \u00c7in\u2019i Qin Kral\u0131 ve daha sonra Qin \u0130mparatoru olacak olan Qin Shi Huang M. \u00d6. 221 y\u0131l\u0131nda birle\u015ftirmi\u015f ve \u00c7in tarihinin ilk imparator olmu\u015ftur. Fakat Qin Hanedan\u0131 (M. \u00d6. 221 \u2013 206) salt otoriter ve mutlak merkezi g\u00fc\u00e7 kullan\u0131m\u0131, kanuncu ve yasak\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 \u00c7in\u2019de uzun s\u00fcre egemenlik sa\u011flayamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Qin hakimiyeti y\u0131llar\u0131nda Konf\u00fc\u00e7y\u00fcs\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fck gibi merkezi kanun ve yasadan farkl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flere ait veri, kitaplar yak\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00e7\u00fcler ise g\u00f6m\u00fclerek \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015flerdir. Qin Shi Huang d\u00f6neminde, \u00c7in birle\u015ftirildi\u011fi gibi, bug\u00fcnk\u00fc b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00c7in topraklar\u0131n\u0131n temelleri at\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00dclke g\u00fcneye do\u011fru geni\u015flemi\u015f, Kansu b\u00f6lgesine kadar yak\u0131nla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130lk imparator Huang, bug\u00fcnk\u00fc efsanevi toprak askerler gibi Xi\u2019an b\u00f6lgesinde g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve medeniyet eserleri sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kendisinden \u00f6nce yapt\u0131rmaya ba\u015flayan krallardan sonra, \u00c7in Seddini bir b\u00fct\u00fcn halinde birle\u015ftiren de ilk imparator Qin Shi Huang\u2019t\u0131r. \u00c7in Seddinin neden ve hangi sebeple yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00c7in tarihi kaynaklar\u0131, \u00fclkenin s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131 belirlemek ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck tabaka k\u00f6le ve b\u00fct\u00fcn tebaan\u0131n \u00fclkeden kuzey b\u00f6lgesine ka\u00e7mas\u0131n\u0131 engellemek oldu\u011funu yazmaktad\u0131r. Qin Hanedan\u0131 d\u00f6neminde yap\u0131l\u0131p bitirilmi\u015f olan\u201cToprak Askerler\u201d, imparatorun k\u00f6t\u00fc ve menfi d\u00fc\u015fman ruhlar\u0131ndan korunmas\u0131 ama\u00e7land\u0131r\u0131larak yap\u0131lmas\u0131 istenmi\u015ftir. En \u00f6nce bunun i\u00e7in ger\u00e7ek askerlerin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 istenmi\u015f, daha sonra topraktan sanatsal \u015fekilde askerler t\u00fcretilmesi karar\u0131na var\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Qin Hanedan\u0131\u2019ndan sonra M.\u00d6. 206\u2019da(tahmini M. \u00d6.202) \u00c7in\u2019i as\u0131rlarca h\u00fckmedecek olan Han Hanedan\u0131 hakimiyeti ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Han Hanedan\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda, Hanlar bat\u0131ya ve do\u011fuya seferler yaparak, \u00fclkeyi bug\u00fcnk\u00fc veriler ise alt\u0131 milyon kilometre geni\u015fletmi\u015flerdir. Samguk Sagi kay\u0131tlar\u0131na g\u00f6re Hanlar bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Kore\u2019nin kuzeyi ve eski Man\u00e7ur b\u00f6lgesi Kore k\u00f6kenli devletlere hakimiyet kurmu\u015flard\u0131r. Bug\u00fcn \u00c7in ve \u00c7in insanlar\u0131, halk\u0131na ad\u0131n\u0131 veren Han Hanedan\u0131\u2019d\u0131r. \u00dcstelik asl\u0131na bak\u0131l\u0131rsa Han ad\u0131 \u00c7inlileri temsil etti\u011fi gibi, \u00c7in Tarihinin en esasl\u0131 hanedanlar\u0131ndan biri say\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Han Hanedan\u0131\u2019n\u0131n M. S. \u0130lk as\u0131rda n\u00fcfusu yakla\u015f\u0131k 17 ve 18 milyon civar\u0131d\u0131r. Bu say\u0131lar dahi \u00c7in\u2019in daima insan n\u00fcfuz ve g\u00fcc\u00fc olarak di\u011fer devlet ve halklardan \u00e7ok \u00f6nde oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steriyor. Han Hanedan\u0131 kurulup \u00c7in\u2019de b\u00fcsb\u00fct\u00fcn hakimiyet kurduktan sonra, Qin Hanedan\u0131 kanuncu ve yasak\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve tam tersi olarak Konf\u00fc\u00e7y\u00fcs\u00e7\u00fc \u00f6\u011freti ve doktrini \u00fclkeye egemen olmu\u015ftur. Han Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131na ge\u00e7ecek olan \u0130mparator Gao\u2019nun ailesi bir \u00e7ift\u00e7i z\u00fcmreden olu\u015fmaktayd\u0131. Han Hanedan\u0131 d\u00f6neminde \u00fclkenin k\u00fclt\u00fcrel, medeni ve askeri teknolojisi di\u011fer b\u00f6lge ve devletlere k\u0131yas ile ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc geli\u015fmi\u015ftir. \u00dcstelik dikkat edildi\u011finde, askeri teknolojide \u00e7a\u011f de\u011fi\u015ftirebilecek olan demirden, \u00e7eli\u011fe teknolojisi de ilk defa Hanlar taraf\u0131ndan kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ka\u011f\u0131t teknolojisi de ilk defa Hanlar d\u00f6neminde bulunmu\u015f ve kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Han Hanedan\u0131 as\u0131rlar hakimiyet y\u0131llar\u0131nda \u00e7e\u015fitli fikir, doktrin gibi, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel ve felsefi okullar\u0131n bir hayli say\u0131da ve neredeyse b\u00fct\u00fcn b\u00f6lgelerde a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve hizmet vermeye ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. Bu asl\u0131nda \u00c7in\u2019in fikir doktrinin en temelli, ilk ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131n asl\u0131nda kanun ve yasada abart\u0131l\u0131 davranmayan Han Hanedan\u0131 yoluyla oldu\u011funa rastlayabiliyoruz. Han Hanedan\u0131\u2019n\u0131n hakimiyetini kaybetti\u011fi d\u00f6nemler, \u00fclkenin \u00fc\u00e7 farkl\u0131 b\u00f6lgeye ayr\u0131lmas\u0131na tekab\u00fcl etmektedir. Bunlar Wei \u2013 Wu ve Shu adl\u0131 merkezden ve birlerlerinden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z devletlerdir. Cao Cao (Sao Sao) gibi, Zhao Yun, Zheng Fei, Guan Yu gibi \u00c7in tarihi kay\u0131tlarda adlar\u0131 s\u00fcrekli ge\u00e7en ve \u00c7in tarihinin b\u00fcy\u00fck kahramanlar\u0131 da bu d\u00f6neme rastlamaktad\u0131r. Daha ileri tarihlerde, fazlas\u0131yla kar\u0131\u015fan \u00c7in\u2019i uzun as\u0131rlar sonra tek \u00e7at\u0131da toplamay\u0131 ba\u015faran \u201cSui Hanedan\u0131\u201d olmu\u015ftur. Sui Hanedan\u0131 kay\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131 dolduran hadiseler ba\u015fl\u0131ca kuzey k\u00fclt\u00fcrl\u00fc istilac\u0131 ve i\u00e7 isyanlard\u0131r. Sui Hanedan\u0131 i\u00e7 isyan sonras\u0131, yerini Tang Hanedan\u0131\u2019na (M. S. 608 \u2013 907) b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Tang Hanedan\u0131\u2019n\u0131n kal\u0131c\u0131 ismi Li Shimin, \u00fclke topraklar\u0131n\u0131 bat\u0131, kuzey, do\u011fu ve g\u00fcneye do\u011fru geni\u015fleterek, hatta Man\u00e7urya\u2019ya kadar seferlere bizzat kendisi kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00c7in\u2019in en entrikal\u0131 ve yo\u011fun entrikalar ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f hanedan\u0131, Tang Hanedan\u0131\u2019d\u0131r. Tang Hanedan\u0131 o zamana kadar bat\u0131ya en \u00e7ok a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan ve di\u011fer devletlerin i\u00e7 ili\u015fki ve h\u00fck\u00fcmlerine kar\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f olan ilk imparatorluktur. Tang Hanedan\u0131 ve \u00c7in\u2019in ba\u015fkenti Ch\u2019angan, o tarihlerde d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en zengin ve refah i\u00e7inde olan \u00fclke ve \u015fehridir. \u00c7in Tang d\u00f6nemi ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7 ve refah\u0131 daha sonra uzun as\u0131rlar Ming Hanedan\u0131\u2019na kadar ya\u015fayamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. S\u00f6z konusu Ch\u2019angan d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en g\u00f6zde ve zengin \u015fehri oldu\u011fu gibi, o y\u0131llarda Tang Hanedan\u0131 kadar g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ve otoriter, bulundu\u011fu b\u00f6lgeye tam anlam\u0131yla hakim olan d\u00fcnyada ba\u015fka hi\u00e7bir devlete rastlan\u0131lamaz. Tang d\u00f6neminde, \u00c7inliler taraf\u0131ndan d\u00fcnya tarihini de\u011fi\u015ftirecek olan barut teknolojisi ke\u015ffedilmi\u015ftir. Daha sonra Talas yoluyla \u201cbarut\u201d bat\u0131ya ta\u015f\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. B\u00fcy\u00fck Tang Hanedan\u0131 hakimiyetini yitirdikten sonra \u00c7in iki farkl\u0131 \u00fclkeye b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Kuzeyde Jin, g\u00fcneyde Song Hanedan\u0131 olarak b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f bir \u00c7in g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. D\u00fcnyada Mo\u011fol \u0130stilas\u0131 ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, ilkin Jin ve uzun bir s\u00fcre Song Hanedan\u0131 Mo\u011fol hanedan z\u00fcmresiyle Yuan olarak birle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. Yuan Hanedan\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fc olarak \u00c7in tarihinin say\u0131l\u0131 devletlerinden biridir. Yuan Hanedan\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda Japonya gibi ada \u00fclkelerine tarihi seferler yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Uzun bir s\u00fcre sonra \u00c7in\u2019in milliyet\u00e7i askerleri ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f ve Mo\u011fol hanedan\u0131, fakat sonralar\u0131 \u00c7inle\u015fmi\u015f Yuan devrilmi\u015ftir. Nihayetinde \u00c7in, milli bir devlet olarak Ming Hanedan\u0131 hakimiyetine ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ming Hanedan\u0131 hakimiyetinde, \u00c7in\u2019in k\u00fclt\u00fcrel zenginlik, i\u00e7timai mutluluk ve askeri g\u00fcc\u00fc olarak zirve yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ming Hanedan\u0131 d\u00f6neminde \u00c7in\u2019in denizcilik ve denizler aras\u0131 ke\u015fifleri ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ming Hanedan\u0131 d\u00f6neminde \u00c7in teknoloji seviyesinin d\u00fcnyada e\u015fi ve benzeri yok derecede ileridedir. Ming Hanedan\u0131\u2019n\u0131n son y\u0131llar\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u00f6yl\u00fc ve \u00e7ift\u00e7i isyan\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn b\u00f6lgeler ve hatta ba\u015fkente kadar s\u0131\u00e7ray\u0131nca son Ming \u0130mparatoru kendini asm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu s\u0131rada hain bir Ming generalinin teklifi ile kuzeydeki Man\u00e7ular \u00fclkeye girmekte istifade etmi\u015flerdir. Man\u00e7ular\u0131n \u00fclkeye girmesinden sonra isyan bast\u0131r\u0131l\u0131p, b\u00fcy\u00fck nispette k\u00f6yl\u00fc ve \u00e7ift\u00e7i yerlerine ge\u00e7meye zorlanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Man\u00e7u d\u00f6nemi Qing Hanedan\u0131, onsekizinci y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar i\u00e7 ve d\u0131\u015f ili\u015fkilerde normal seyir izlerken bat\u0131l\u0131 insanlar ile sava\u015fmaya zorlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00dclke b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda b\u00f6l\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi, bir\u00e7ok b\u00f6lge i\u015fgal alt\u0131na girmi\u015ftir. Afyon sava\u015flar\u0131 gibi, bir\u00e7ok isyanlar \u00e7\u0131ksa da, bunlar\u0131n hi\u00e7bir ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131 olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunun ba\u015fl\u0131ca sebeplerinden biri, \u00c7in\u2019in her zaman, b\u00fct\u00fcn tarihi boyunca kendi kendisiyle, bizzat kendisi ile sava\u015fmas\u0131d\u0131r. Qing Hanedan\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131nda, \u00fclke ve hanedan hi\u00e7bir zaman d\u0131\u015far\u0131y\u0131 ve d\u0131\u015f g\u00fc\u00e7lerin geli\u015fim ve askeri geli\u015fimini \u00f6nemsemi\u015f olmamas\u0131d\u0131r. Tarihi bir tekerr\u00fcr olan d\u0131\u015fa kapal\u0131 devlet modeli, Qing Hanedan\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131nda olumsuz tesirler vermi\u015ftir. Qing Hanedan\u0131 1911 y\u0131l\u0131nda tamamen devrilmi\u015f ve \u00c7in\u2019in son imparatoru, hanedan, Man\u00e7urlar \u00fclkeden s\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Man\u00e7u sa\u00e7 \u015fekilleri gibi, b\u00fct\u00fcn adetler yasaklanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1911\u2019den sonra \u00c7in b\u00f6lgesi daha kar\u0131\u015farak b\u00fcy\u00fck sava\u015flar ya\u015fam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Japon istilas\u0131, \u00c7in tarihinin en kanl\u0131 sava\u015f\u0131 olan \u00c7in \u0130\u00e7 Sava\u015f\u0131 gibi \u00c7in tarihinin b\u00fct\u00fcn b\u00fcy\u00fck olaylar\u0131 neticesinde 1949\u2019da Mao Zedung \u00c7in Halk Cumhuriyetini ilan etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
Xia – Shang – Zhou – Qin – Han – Sui – Tang – Jin – Song – Yuan – Ming – Qing – P. R. C.<\/p>\n
KURT<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" \u00c7in\u2019in en eski ve ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 tarihi Xia\u2019ya, Xia Hanedan\u0131\u2019na tahmini-(2200-1600) dayanmaktad\u0131r. Xia Hanedan\u0131 hakk\u0131nda arkeolojik kay\u0131t ve veriler, buluntu ve ispat konusu gayet az oldu\u011fu halde, b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00c7inli tarih\u00e7i ve ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar bu hanedan hakk\u0131nda y\u00fczde y\u00fcz emin olarak Xia\u2019y\u0131 b\u00fcsb\u00fct\u00fcn kabul etmi\u015flerdir. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde hakk\u0131nda yeteri kadar veri ve bilgiye ula\u015f\u0131lamayan Xia\u2019y\u0131, akabinde Shang Hanedan\u0131 takip […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[12],"tags":[4,22,23,21,5,3],"class_list":["post-17","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-asia","tag-cin","tag-cin-halk-cumhuriyeti","tag-cin-tarihi","tag-han-ulusu","tag-tarih","tag-uzak-dogu"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vonkurt.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vonkurt.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vonkurt.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vonkurt.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vonkurt.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=17"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.vonkurt.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":19,"href":"https:\/\/www.vonkurt.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17\/revisions\/19"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vonkurt.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=17"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vonkurt.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=17"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vonkurt.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=17"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}